LinkedIn Video Requirements 2026 (Organic + Ads)

Learn LinkedIn video requirements for 2026. Optimize formats, specs, and ads to boost B2B reach and lead generation.
Learn LinkedIn video requirement in 2026

Video content is evolving rapidly in 2026, becoming a core pillar of B2B and SaaS marketing strategies. With a strong focus on LinkedIn Video Specs 2026, platforms are increasingly prioritizing native video and rewarding creators who follow optimized formats with greater visibility. Algorithms now favor engaging, high-quality content that aligns with these specifications, making technical optimization just as important as storytelling.As a result, video has moved beyond being a supporting format to becoming a primary driver of brand awareness, lead generation, and thought leadership in the professional landscape.

Understanding the LinkedIn Video Requirements 2026 is essential for marketers aiming to maximize their algorithmic reach and deliver professional, high-impact messages. Whether you are crafting a concise explainer for your SaaS product or producing an in-depth thought leadership video, adhering to the latest specs ensures your content performs seamlessly across devices and captures audience attention without compromise.

This article will guide you through:

  • Key differences between organic native videos and paid video advertisements on LinkedIn
  • Optimal technical specifications including formats, resolution, aspect ratios, frame rates, and compression techniques
  • Practical tips to enhance video quality and engagement with captions and audio considerations
  • Best practices for uploading videos to avoid common pitfalls like compression artifacts
  • Advanced insights into live streaming requirements for real-time professional interactions

By mastering these elements, you can build a robust video marketing strategy that leverages LinkedIn’s powerful platform capabilities while navigating technical constraints efficiently.

Additionally, it's important to remember that while videos play a crucial role in your marketing strategy, other aspects of your LinkedIn presence are equally vital. For instance, creating a compelling LinkedIn company page can significantly enhance your brand's visibility. Moreover, utilizing tools like the LinkedIn Sales Navigator can streamline your lead generation process. You can even export leads from LinkedIn Sales Navigator to Excel for better management and tracking.

Furthermore, understanding the difference between followers vs connections on LinkedIn can help you strategize your networking efforts more effectively. If you're looking to export your LinkedIn connections to Excel, there are specific methods you can follow.

Finally, implementing effective strategies to generate leads on LinkedIn will complement your video marketing efforts and overall business growth.

Understanding LinkedIn Video Types

LinkedIn video content divides primarily into two categories: organic native videos and paid video advertisements. Recognizing the distinctions between these types is essential for effective B2B video marketing and SaaS video marketing strategies.

Organic Native Videos vs. Paid Video Advertisements

Organic Native Videos

Organic native videos are uploaded directly to LinkedIn without paid promotion. These videos benefit from LinkedIn’s algorithm, which prioritizes native content in user feeds, often resulting in higher video engagement growth. To further enhance this engagement, one might consider boosting LinkedIn posts as a strategy.

Advantages:

  • Authenticity
  • Direct audience interaction
  • No additional cost

Challenges:

  • Limited reach compared to paid ads
  • Slower accumulation of views and leads

Paid Video Advertisements

Paid video advertisements or LinkedIn video ads use LinkedIn’s advertising platform to target specific audiences with precision.

Advantages:

  • Greater reach through targeted demographics
  • Measurable lead generation video results
  • Control over placement and format

Challenges:

  • Requires budget allocation
  • Adherence to stricter LinkedIn video requirements such as file size limits

Use Cases: Company Pages vs. Personal Profiles

Choosing between company page videos and personal profile videos depends on your marketing goals and industry focus:

Company Page Videos

Ideal for brand awareness and showcasing products or services at scale. Works well for industries aiming to build corporate credibility, such as technology firms or enterprise SaaS providers. Supports cohesive branding and consistent messaging. Great for posting thought leadership content targeted at a broader professional audience.

Personal Profile Videos

Fit for individual thought leaders, consultants, recruiters, or sales professionals building personal brands. More effective for personalized storytelling and engaging niche industry communities. Encourages direct networking and relationship-building through comments and conversations. Utilizing strategies like adding experience on LinkedIn can enhance personal branding efforts (source).

Some industries benefit from blending both approaches—company pages establish authority while personal profiles drive personalized connections.

Role of LinkedIn Video Ads in Lead Generation and Thought Leadership

LinkedIn video ads have become a cornerstone in driving qualified leads and reinforcing thought leadership within professional networks.

Companies using Sponsored Content with video ads report improved click-through rates by presenting concise messages tailored to decision-makers. Successful case studies include SaaS companies leveraging product demos via square (1:1) or vertical (9:16) formats optimized for mobile users. Thought leadership videos often combine educational content with subtle branding early in the clip to capture attention quickly. Lead generation campaigns integrate clear calls-to-action (CTAs) within the first few seconds to maximize conversions.

You can replicate these successes by aligning your creative assets with LinkedIn’s targeting capabilities while adhering closely to LinkedIn video requirements. This ensures your ads perform efficiently across devices and platforms.

Understanding these distinct types of LinkedIn videos—and their strategic applications—sets the foundation for creating impactful video content that resonates with professionals on the platform.

Technical Video Specifications for LinkedIn in 2026

Supported Video Formats and Codecs

LinkedIn’s video file size and format requirements in 2026 are designed to maximize playback quality across devices while keeping uploads efficient. Understanding these technical video guidelines is critical for successful video marketing, whether you’re posting organic content or running paid ads.

Recommended Video Formats:

  • MP4 (MPEG-4 Part 14) remains the preferred format due to its balance of compression efficiency and broad compatibility.
  • MOV format is also supported, commonly used by Apple devices, but MP4 generally offers better cross-platform performance.

Video Codec:

The platform requires videos encoded with the H.264 codec. This codec provides excellent video compression without sacrificing quality, essential for fitting within maximum file size limits while maintaining visual clarity.

Audio Codec:

For audio, LinkedIn specifies the use of the AAC codec (Advanced Audio Coding). AAC delivers high-quality sound at lower bitrates than older codecs like MP3, enhancing the overall viewer experience without bloating file sizes.

Codec Compatibility:

Using H.264 and AAC ensures your videos play smoothly on LinkedIn’s web interface, mobile apps (iOS and Android), and desktop environments. Videos encoded with unsupported codecs risk playback errors or degraded quality.

File Size Limits and Duration Constraints

Navigating file size limits and video length restrictions is crucial for upload optimization:

  • Maximum file size for native video posts can be up to 5 GB, allowing detailed, high-resolution content if necessary.
  • Paid video ads have a stricter cap at around 200 MB to ensure fast loading times and avoid bandwidth issues during ad delivery.
  • Videos must be between a minimum of 3 seconds and a maximum duration of 10 minutes, balancing viewer engagement with message depth.

Careful encoding using H.264 allows you to compress videos efficiently to fit these constraints without compromising quality.

Upload Optimization Tips

Avoid common pitfalls related to video formatting and performance by following these steps:

  • Export your videos in MP4 format using H.264 for video and AAC for audio codecs.
  • Keep your files well below the maximum size thresholds when possible to reduce upload errors or long processing times on LinkedIn’s platform.
  • Use constant bitrate encoding or two-pass encoding techniques to optimize quality-to-file-size ratio—this directly impacts how crisp your video looks after LinkedIn applies its own compression.
  • Test videos on multiple devices after uploading to check codec compatibility and playback smoothness before launching campaigns or posting organically.

These specifications not only serve as a cheat sheet for marketers aiming to optimize their content's performance across professional audiences worldwide but also play a vital role in establishing a strong online presence. For instance, mastering these video specs could significantly enhance your chances of becoming a LinkedIn influencer, as high-quality video content tends to engage audiences more effectively.

Moreover, understanding these technical aspects can also assist you in managing your LinkedIn account more efficiently. For example, knowing how to deactivate your LinkedIn account or edit a scheduled post can streamline your user experience on the platform.

Video Resolution and Aspect Ratios

LinkedIn’s video resolution range spans from a minimum of 256x144 pixels up to Full HD at 1920x1080 pixels. Sticking within this spectrum ensures you comply with LinkedIn's technical video guidelines for both organic posts and paid ads, while maintaining sharp visuals across devices.

Recommended Aspect Ratios

Different aspect ratios cater to distinct viewing experiences and placement types. Selecting the right format influences engagement and video performance optimization:

  • Landscape (16:9): The classic widescreen format ideal for desktop viewers and traditional video ads.
  • Square (1:1): Versatile format that performs well on both desktop and mobile feeds.
  • Vertical Formats (4:5 and 9:16): Designed specifically for mobile-first consumption given LinkedIn’s increasing mobile audience share.

Video Duration and File Size Impact on Resolution Choices

  • Maximum video duration is capped at 10 minutes, with a minimum length of 3 seconds. Keeping videos concise aligns better with LinkedIn’s professional audience preferences.
  • For native organic videos, the maximum file size can reach up to 5 GB, allowing higher resolutions and longer content without sacrificing quality.
  • Paid video ads have stricter file size limits of 200 MB, which often requires compressing videos while balancing bitrate to avoid quality loss.
  • Upload optimization involves choosing the right combination of resolution, aspect ratio, and compression settings within these file size limits to prevent upload errors or video quality issues.

Why Mobile-First Matters

LinkedIn's user behavior increasingly favors mobile devices. Vertical and square formats provide better engagement because they occupy more screen space without forcing users to adjust orientation. Mobile-friendly formats also respect bandwidth constraints, reducing buffering risks caused by oversized files.

Pro tip: When creating your video content, consider starting with a vertical or square format if your primary audience consumes LinkedIn on smartphones. This will improve viewer retention rates and overall campaign effectiveness.

Adhering to these LinkedIn Video Specs 2026 regarding resolution and aspect ratios ensures your content appears professional and performs optimally across diverse devices, whether in organic posts or paid ad placements.

Frame Rate and Bitrate Optimization

LinkedIn's video specs in 2026 emphasize the importance of balancing frame rate and bitrate to optimize video performance while adhering to file size limits and technical video guidelines.

Frame Rate: The 30 fps Standard

  • The recommended frame rate for LinkedIn videos is 30 frames per second (fps).
  • This standard delivers smooth motion suitable for professional content, avoiding choppiness or excessive data use.
  • Videos with lower frame rates (e.g., 24 fps) may appear less fluid, while higher frame rates (e.g., 60 fps) increase file size without significant platform benefits.
  • Maintaining 30 fps ensures compatibility across all devices and adheres to LinkedIn’s codec compatibility requirements, including the use of the H.264 codec for video.

Bitrate: Quality vs. File Size Balance

  • Bitrate directly impacts video quality and file size; higher bitrates improve clarity but risk exceeding maximum file size limits.
  • For native organic videos, LinkedIn allows up to 5 GB, which accommodates higher bitrate settings for crisp visuals and detailed motion.
  • In contrast, video ads have a stricter limit of 200 MB, demanding more aggressive bitrate optimization without compromising essential quality.
  • Aim to compress videos efficiently using modern encoding tools that support the H.264 video codec paired with the AAC audio codec—this combination maximizes quality and codec compatibility.

Upload Optimization Tips

Keep these tips in mind when uploading your videos to LinkedIn:

  1. Keep video duration between LinkedIn’s minimum (3 seconds) and maximum (10 minutes) thresholds to avoid upload rejections or processing delays.
  2. Compress files using variable bitrate (VBR) encoding to allocate higher bitrate where motion complexity demands it, reducing wasted data on static scenes.
  3. Use MP4 or MOV formats as they are optimized for LinkedIn’s platform, providing stable playback and minimizing video quality issues like pixelation or buffering lags.
  4. Avoid excessive bitrate that can trigger compression artifacts during LinkedIn’s internal processing, which may degrade visual fidelity despite original high-quality uploads.

Video Formatting Considerations for Ads vs Organic Posts

Feature

Organic Native Videos

Paid Video Ads

Maximum File Size

Up to 5 GB

Up to 200 MB

Duration Limits

3 seconds – 10 minutes

Same

Recommended Frame Rate

30 fps

30 fps

Preferred Formats

MP4, MOV

MP4, MOV

Codec

H.264 (video), AAC (audio)

Same

Compression Strategy

Moderate with VBR

Aggressive with VBR

Managing these parameters effectively results in seamless playback across desktop and mobile devices, optimizing screen real estate usage based on aspect ratio choices from previous sections.

Balancing frame rate and bitrate within LinkedIn Video Specs 2026 helps prevent common video quality issues such as stuttering or oversaturation caused by incorrect encoding. This ensures your content maintains professional polish while meeting platform-specific constraints—a must-have in any LinkedIn video cheat sheet for marketers targeting B2B audiences or SaaS clients.

Next, focus shifts toward enhancing visual clarity and engagement through audio optimization and captioning strategies tailored for LinkedIn’s sound-off viewing habits. Additionally, it's crucial to consider other aspects such as [LinkedIn banner"

Enhancing Video Quality and Engagement on LinkedIn

High-quality visuals play a crucial role in grabbing the attention of LinkedIn’s professional audience. When you focus on sharp, well-lit images that fit within LinkedIn Video Specs 2026, your content stands out in the feed. Pay careful attention to video dimensions to ensure clarity across devices, especially since many users access LinkedIn via mobile. Videos optimized for mobile feeds—often vertical (9:16) or square (1:1) formats—perform better because they fill more screen space and create a more immersive experience.

Optimize Audio Quality

Audio quality optimization cannot be overlooked. Clear audio with balanced levels enhances message delivery and professionalism. Poor sound can drive viewers away quickly, particularly in corporate video production where voiceovers and interviews are common. Using the AAC codec, as recommended for LinkedIn videos, helps maintain crisp sound without bloating file size.

Engage with Captions and Subtitles

Captions and subtitles have become essential tools for engagement. A significant portion of LinkedIn users watch videos without sound, especially when scrolling through their mobile feeds at work or in public places. Including captions ensures your message is accessible regardless of volume settings.

  • Use SRT caption files to provide accurate, synchronized subtitles.
  • SRT files improve accessibility for hearing-impaired viewers and cater to diverse audiences.
  • Captions also boost SEO benefits on LinkedIn by making your video content more discoverable.

Tailor Videos for Mobile Viewing

Mobile-first video strategies align with rising trends in mobile video consumption on LinkedIn. Designing videos that look good and function smoothly on small screens supports better inbound lead generation through higher completion rates and viewer retention.

Focus on these elements for high-impact engagement:

  1. High-quality visuals: Use proper lighting, stable shots, and clean graphics.
  2. Audio clarity: Minimize background noise; consider professional microphones.
  3. Captions/subtitles: Implement SRT files for accessibility and silent viewing.
  4. Mobile feed optimization: Tailor aspect ratios and video length for mobile users.
  5. Consistent branding: Subtle but clear brand presence early in the video.

Additionally, exploring creative ways to boost engagement on LinkedIn posts can significantly enhance your outreach. Moreover, understanding how to format your LinkedIn posts to increase reach and engagement will further ensure that your content not only meets technical standards but resonates with your target professional audience seamlessly.

Best Practices for Uploading Videos on LinkedIn

Uploading videos to LinkedIn requires attention to detail to avoid common pitfalls such as compression artifacts, upload failures, or poor playback quality. Native video upload works best when you follow specific guidelines and prepare your files correctly.

Choosing the Right Video Format

  • Avoid AVI and WebM formats for LinkedIn uploads. Although these formats are popular for other platforms or specific use cases like webinar video format exports, LinkedIn primarily supports MP4 and MOV files encoded with H.264 video codec and AAC audio codec. These provide the best balance of quality, file size, and compatibility across devices.
  • Exporting videos in MP4 with H.264 ensures smooth playback and minimal processing by LinkedIn’s platform.

Export Settings for Optimal Quality

  • Set your export resolution between 720p (1280x720) and Full HD (1920x1080) depending on your content type and audience bandwidth considerations. Higher resolutions can increase file size unnecessarily if not needed.
  • Maintain a frame rate of 30 fps for smooth motion without excessive data use.
  • Bitrate should be balanced: too high increases file size risking upload failure or longer processing; too low causes pixelation or blurriness after compression on LinkedIn’s side. A target bitrate between 5 to 8 Mbps usually works well for HD videos.

Compression Tips Without Sacrificing Quality

  • Use professional video editing or compression tools like Adobe Premiere Pro, Final Cut Pro, or HandBrake which allow control over codec parameters, bitrate, and resolution before uploading.
  • Avoid double compression by exporting final video files directly from your editing software rather than converting already compressed files again.

Handling Captions in Video

  • Embedding captions directly in the video is helpful but can clutter visuals if not done carefully. Instead, upload an SRT caption file alongside your native video upload to improve accessibility without affecting visual clarity.
  • Captions address the silent video consumption trend on LinkedIn where many decision-maker targeting professionals watch videos without sound during work hours or in public settings.

Upload Steps for Smooth Processing

Video uplaod feature on linkedin interface

  1. Prepare your video in MP4/MOV format with recommended codecs and export settings.
  2. Check file size limits: keep organic native videos under 5 GB and paid ads under 200 MB.
  3. Add SRT captions if available to enhance accessibility.
  4. Use LinkedIn’s native video upload feature on desktop for reliable results—avoid uploading via mobile apps which may compress files further
  5. Preview the uploaded video within LinkedIn before publishing to ensure no visual artifacts or syncing issues exist.
  6. If errors occur during upload, try reducing resolution slightly or lowering the bitrate rather than changing formats.

Following these best practices ensures your videos retain their quality throughout the upload process, reaching your professional audience clearly whether they consume content silently or actively engage with audio-enabled playback.

For best practices for posting on LinkedIn, including how to boost CTR for LinkedIn ads or determining the best time to post on LinkedIn, these

Advanced Considerations for Live Streaming on LinkedIn

LinkedIn live streaming has become a vital tool for real-time engagement, thought leadership, and authentic interaction with your professional audience. Mastering the technical aspects of LinkedIn live video specs and RTMP streaming setup is essential to deliver seamless broadcasts that maintain viewer interest.

RTMP Streaming Setup and Encoder Configurations

To go live on LinkedIn, you need to configure your streaming software or hardware encoder with the platform's Real-Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP) settings.

Credentials and Software

  • RTMP URL and Stream Key: Obtain these from LinkedIn's Live Producer dashboard. These credentials connect your encoder to LinkedIn's servers.
  • Supported Encoder Software: OBS Studio, Streamlabs, Wirecast, and vMix all support RTMP and offer customizable video encoder settings.

Recommended Video Encoder Settings

  • Video Codec: H.264 — ensures compatibility and efficient bandwidth use.
  • Audio Codec: AAC — recommended for clear audio quality.
  • Bitrate: 3,000 to 6,000 Kbps, depending on your internet upload speed and desired quality.
  • Keyframe Interval: 2 seconds, to align with LinkedIn's streaming standards.

Incorrect configurations can lead to stream interruptions, lag, or poor video quality, all of which diminish your professional impression.

Maintaining Stream Quality: Frame Rate and Resolution

Maintaining consistent frame rate and resolution is crucial during live streams. Fluctuating quality can distract viewers or cause platform rejections.

  • Frame Rate: Use 30 fps. This balances smooth motion and manageable bandwidth consumption. LinkedIn does not support 60 fps for live streams — attempting it may cause encoding errors or reduced stream stability.
  • Minimum Resolution: 720p (1280×720 pixels).
  • Higher-End Production: Full HD (1920×1080 pixels) works well for webinars or premium setups, provided your bandwidth supports it.
  • Aspect Ratio: Landscape (16:9) is the most common and widely supported format for LinkedIn live content.

YouTube Link Suppression and Engagement Velocity

When simulcasting on both LinkedIn and YouTube, be aware that LinkedIn suppresses YouTube links within posts promoting live events. This is intentional — it encourages native viewing on LinkedIn, which in turn drives higher engagement velocity, meaning the speed at which interactions accumulate on your content shortly after posting.

High engagement velocity positively influences LinkedIn's algorithm, particularly during its testing phase for new content formats such as short-form videos under 60 seconds. While this applies more directly to pre-recorded video than live streams, maintaining strong viewer interaction during live sessions can improve post-live content visibility.

Leveraging Short-Form Video Content and the Algorithm Testing Phase

LinkedIn's algorithm favors fresh video formats, including short-form content under 60 seconds. Repurposing brief highlights or teasers from your live streams into short clips can boost reach and impressions by tapping into this trend.

During algorithm testing phases, experimenting with different video lengths and formats helps you identify what resonates best with your audience while complementing your broader live streaming strategy.

Properly configured RTMP streaming combined with adherence to recommended video encoder settings ensures you deliver professional-quality LinkedIn live broadcasts. This technical foundation supports engaging presentations that maximize both immediate viewer experience and long-term content discoverability.

Turning Video into a Scalable Growth Engine in 2026

Mastering video strategy in 2026 is no longer optional—it’s essential for standing out in an increasingly competitive professional feed. Understanding the balance between organic and paid video content allows you to tailor your approach for both visibility and scalability. Native videos continue to benefit from algorithmic preference, helping counter declining organic reach, while paid video campaigns unlock precise targeting and faster pipeline growth.

Boost growth and engagement with hyperclapper

The real edge comes from combining strong video execution with intelligent distribution—and that’s where HyperClapper plays a critical role. With AI-powered engagement, niche-specific channels/pods, automated replies, and performance analytics, HyperClapper ensures your videos gain early traction, trigger algorithm signals, and sustain visibility beyond the initial posting window. Instead of relying on luck, you create a repeatable system for reach and engagement.

Key takeaways to maximize impact:

  • Prioritize native video uploads over external links to boost visibility and engagement.
  • Follow the latest video specs—resolution, aspect ratio, and codecs—to ensure smooth playback and a professional experience.
  • Create purpose-driven content such as thought leadership clips, product demos, or testimonials aligned with audience intent.
  • Use captions or subtitles to capture attention in sound-off environments and improve retention.
  • Combine organic posting with paid campaigns and amplify both using HyperClapper’s AI engagement to accelerate reach and performance.

A successful video strategy today depends on relevance, clarity, and technical precision—but also on distribution. By integrating HyperClapper into your workflow, you move from inconsistent results to a scalable, data-driven growth system.

When executed well, video becomes more than content—it becomes a consistent driver of brand authority, engagement, and qualified leads.

FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)

What are the key LinkedIn video specifications for 2026 to ensure optimal video performance?

In 2026, LinkedIn supports MP4 and MOV video formats using the H.264 codec for video and AAC codec for audio to ensure smooth playback across devices. Native organic videos can be up to 5 GB in file size, while ads have a maximum of 200 MB. Video duration ranges from a minimum of 3 seconds to a maximum of 10 minutes. Recommended resolutions vary from 256x144 pixels up to Full HD (1920x1080), with aspect ratios including landscape (16:9), square (1:1), and vertical formats (4:5 and 9:16) optimized for mobile-first viewing.

How does LinkedIn differentiate between organic native videos and paid video advertisements in 2026?

LinkedIn distinguishes organic native videos as content posted on company pages or personal profiles aimed at engagement and thought leadership, whereas paid video advertisements are targeted campaigns designed for lead generation and broader algorithmic reach. Organic videos allow for authentic brand storytelling, while paid ads offer precise audience targeting and measurable ROI, each with unique benefits and challenges in B2B and SaaS marketing strategies.

What best practices should marketers follow to optimize video quality and engagement on LinkedIn in 2026?

To maximize engagement, marketers should prioritize high-quality visuals with clear resolution and crisp audio using recommended codecs (H.264 for video, AAC for audio). Including captions or subtitles is essential since many users watch videos without sound. Optimizing videos for mobile consumption with appropriate aspect ratios enhances viewer experience. Additionally, maintaining an optimal frame rate of 30 fps and balancing bitrate through effective compression ensures smooth playback without quality loss.

What are the recommended frame rate and bitrate settings for LinkedIn videos in 2026?

LinkedIn recommends a frame rate of 30 frames per second (fps) to deliver smooth motion in videos. Bitrate should be optimized to balance maintaining high video quality while adhering to file size limits—up to 5 GB for native videos and 200 MB for ads—by employing effective compression strategies that preserve clarity without causing playback issues across devices.

How do company page videos differ from personal profile videos on LinkedIn regarding video marketing strategy?

Company page videos typically focus on brand awareness, product demonstrations, and corporate messaging suited for B2B audiences, making them ideal for industries targeting professional segments. Personal profile videos often emphasize thought leadership, individual expertise, and networking opportunities, which can be more impactful in niche markets or SaaS sectors where personal branding drives engagement. Selecting the right profile type depends on target audience goals within your overall video content strategy.

Why is adopting a mobile-first approach important when creating LinkedIn videos in 2026?

With rising mobile consumption on LinkedIn's platform, adopting a mobile-first approach ensures videos are optimized for smaller screens using suitable aspect ratios like vertical (9:16) or square (1:1). This enhances visibility in mobile feeds, improves user engagement by fitting screen real estate effectively, and aligns with LinkedIn's algorithmic preferences that favor content tailored to mobile viewers—crucial factors in successful B2B video marketing campaigns.